Successful launch of the Ariane 5 rocket with the James Webb telescope

In Guyana, the Ariane 5 launcher equipped with the latest James Webb space telescope has gone into space. This was reported by RIA Novosti.

The spacecraft with the telescope will begin to deploy after the rocket separates. This process will take 29 days. One of the more difficult steps will be unfolding the main mirror and heat shield. It should shield the device from solar, terrestrial and lunar radiation.

NASA expects scientists to have access to James Webb's first data. six months after launching into space. Plus, in just one year they will become accessible to the public.

According to NASA staff, launching the space observatory has become one of the most complex missions in agency in history. The telescope was created with the participation of 17 countries for more than 20 years. Its value exceeds ten billion dollars.

James Webb; operates in the infrared range. In addition, it is a hundred times more powerful than the Hubble. Its creators reported that it should eventually be located in a halo orbit at the Sun's Lagrange L2 point & mdash; Earth.

Earlier it was reported that the launch of James Webb postponed until December 25 due to adverse weather conditions in the European spaceport area in French Guiana.

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The most “intimate” places in the Universe. What will James Webb see in space?

The James Webb Space Telescope (or simply the James Webb Telescope) has been launched from the Kourou Cosmodrome in French Guiana. The most anticipated event in 2021 by astrophysicists has been repeatedly postponed, especially due to bad weather. The orbital infrared observatory, named after NASA's former director, will begin scientific observations six months after launch.

How is it better than Hubble?

The Hubble Space Telescope, which has been in low Earth orbit since 1990, is arguably the greatest achievement of world science and humanity in general. He made many discoveries and took millions of breathtaking images of galaxies and nebulae. But Hubble has exhausted its resources and is technically obsolete. He should be replaced by James Webb. Its development began at the end of the 20th century, and the launch was originally scheduled for 2007, but has been postponed several times. The cost of the project has steadily increased and now stands at around $ 10 billion.

In short, the James Webb Space Telescope (in English, the name is sometimes abbreviated as JWST) & mdash; it is a next generation orbital infrared observatory. It will have to complement and develop the discoveries made by Hubble. In addition, the scientific challenges before Webb were based on the results obtained from Hubble. His achievements and discoveries prompted scientists to use longer wavelengths for observations. The point is that the further away an astronomical object is, the more it has a shift in the red spectrum. And if Hubble studies the Universe primarily at optical and ultraviolet wavelengths, then its changer will observe it in the infrared domain. In general, he will be more perceptive than his predecessor. Main mirror area JWST & mdash; 25 square meters compared to 4.5 at Hubble.

The best Hubble images of all time

Jupiter. This is the first color photograph of the planet Jupiter taken in 1991 with the wide-angle camera of the Space Telescope. © Flickr.com/NASA, ESA and J. Westphal (Caltech)

“Pillars of Creation” in the Eagle Nebula. The objects in the photograph received this name because the gas and dust they contain are involved in the formation of new stars with the simultaneous destruction of clouds under the light of already formed stars. The photo was taken in 1995. © Flickr.com/NASA, ESA, STScI, J. Hester and P. Scowen (Arizona State University)

Saturn infrared. The image was taken on January 4, 1998 and shows reflected infrared light from the planet, which gives detailed information about the clouds and haze in Saturn's atmosphere. © Flickr.com/Erich Karkoschka (University of Arizona) and NASA

Jupiter, its moon Io and the shadow of the satellite falling to the surface of the planet. year 1999. © Flickr.com/John Spencer (Lowell Observatory) and NASA

The Horse's Head Nebula in the constellation Orion is one of the most photographed objects in space. The photo was taken in 2001. © Flickr.com/NASA, NOAO, ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA); Acknowledgments: K. Noll (Hubble Heritage PI/STScI), C. Luginbuhl (USNO), F. Hamilton (Hubble Heritage/STScI)

The Cone Nebula. “This object,” writes NASA, “reminiscent of a nightmare beast raising its head from a crimson sea, is actually a harmless column of gas and dust.” Photo was taken in 2002. © Flickr.com/NASA, H. Ford (JHU), G. Illingworth (UCSC/LO), M. Clampin (STScI), G. Hartig (STScI), the team scientist ACS and ESA; The ACS Science Team: H. Ford, G. Illingworth, M. Clampin, G. Hartig, T. Allen, K. Anderson, F. Bartko, N. Benitez, J. Blakeslee, R . Bouwe

The Omega Nebula, 2003. © Flickr.com/NASA, ESA and J. Hester (ASU)

A ring of blue stars around the galaxy AM 0644-741. It is assumed that the ring formed during a collision with another galaxy, while due to gravitational destruction the dust in the galaxy is compacted and forms stars. year 2004. © Flickr.com/NASA, ESA and Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/STScI); Acknowledgments: J. Higdon (Cornell U.) and I. Jordan (STScI)

The Whirlpool galaxy or M 51 in the constellation Canis Hounds. The photo was taken in 2005. © Flickr.com/NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)

Nebula in the constellation Carina. 2007 year. © Flickr.com/N. Smith (University of California, Berkeley) and NOAO/AURA/NSF

Interacting galaxies. Astronomy textbooks generally present galaxies as lonely, majestic worlds of twinkling stars. But galaxies can be located in space close enough that mutual gravity significantly affects the shape, motion, processes of star formation, and in some cases the exchange of matter between them. . Photos from 2008. © Flickr.com/NASA, ESA, Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA) -ESA/Hubble Collaboration, and A. Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/NRAO/Stony Brook University)

“Mystic Mountain” inside the Carina Nebula. This cosmic peak, three light years high, is made up of dust and gas and shows signs of intense star formation. Snapshot from 2010. © Flickr.com/NASA, ESA and Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)

Jupiter. This is the first color photograph of the planet Jupiter taken in 1991 with the wide-angle camera of the Space Telescope. © Flickr.com/NASA, ESA and J. Westphal (Caltech)

“Pillars of Creation” in the Eagle Nebula. The objects in the photograph received this name because the gas and dust they contain are involved in the formation of new stars with the simultaneous destruction of clouds under the light of already formed stars. The photo was taken in 1995. © Flickr.com/NASA, ESA, STScI, J. Hester and P. Scowen (Arizona State University)

Saturn infrared. The image was taken on January 4, 1998 and shows reflected infrared light from the planet, which gives detailed information about the clouds and haze in Saturn's atmosphere. © Flickr.com/Erich Karkoschka (University of Arizona) and NASA

Jupiter, its moon Io and the shadow of the satellite falling to the surface of the planet. year 1999. © Flickr.com/John Spencer (Lowell Observatory) and NASA

The Horse's Head Nebula in the constellation Orion is one of the most photographed objects in space. The photo was taken in 2001. © Flickr.com/NASA, NOAO, ESA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA); Acknowledgments: K. Noll (Hubble Heritage PI/STScI), C. Luginbuhl (USNO), F. Hamilton (Hubble Heritage/STScI)

The Cone Nebula. “This object,” writes NASA, “reminiscent of a nightmare beast raising its head from a crimson sea, is actually a harmless column of gas and dust.” Photo was taken in 2002. © Flickr.com/NASA, H. Ford (JHU), G. Illingworth (UCSC/LO), M. Clampin (STScI), G. Hartig (STScI), the team scientist ACS and ESA; The ACS Science Team: H. Ford, G. Illingworth, M. Clampin, G. Hartig, T. Allen, K. Anderson, F. Bartko, N. Benitez, J. Blakeslee, R . Bouwe

The Omega Nebula, 2003. © Flickr.com/NASA, ESA and J. Hester (ASU)

A ring of blue stars around the galaxy AM 0644-741. It is assumed that the ring formed during a collision with another galaxy, while due to gravitational destruction the dust in the galaxy is compacted and forms stars. year 2004. © Flickr.com/NASA, ESA and Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/STScI); Acknowledgments: J. Higdon (Cornell U.) and I. Jordan (STScI)

Whirlpool Galaxy or M 51 in the constellation Hounds Dogs. The photo was taken in 2005. © Flickr.com/NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)

Nebula in the constellation Carina. 2007 year. © Flickr.com/N. Smith (University of California, Berkeley) and NOAO/AURA/NSF

Interacting galaxies. Astronomy textbooks generally present galaxies as lonely, majestic worlds of twinkling stars. But galaxies can be located in space close enough that mutual gravity significantly affects the shape, motion, processes of star formation, and in some cases the exchange of matter between them. . Photos from 2008. © Flickr.com/NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA) -ESA/Hubble Collaboration, and A. Evans (University of Virginia, Charlottesville/NRAO/Stony Brook University)

“Mystic Mountain” inside the Carina Nebula. This cosmic peak, three light years high, is made up of dust and gas and shows signs of intense star formation. Snapshot from 2010. © Flickr.com/NASA, ESA and Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)

What is it for?

With the help of James Webb & # 39; s infrared instruments it will be possible to discern, for example, what is under the ice that covers Jupiter & # 39; s moon Europe and Enceladus moon of Saturn. What if there were liquid oceans in waters where unknown life forms live?

The new telescope's equipment will allow it to observe the dust clouds where future stars and planetary systems are currently being born. On the other hand, thanks to its unprecedented sensitivity to infrared radiation, it will be able to “ look into the past '' : observe the light of the first stars and galaxies that appeared shortly after the Big Bang about 13.5 billion years ago.

From James Webb expect a breakthrough in research on exoplanets. He will be able to see celestial bodies comparable to the Earth and located at a distance of 15 light years from us. In addition, he will be able to see their satellites! More than 20 stars closest to the Sun will fall in the area of ​​detailed observations. The orbiting infrared observatory will provide information about the atmospheres of exoplanets and, eventually, even find traces of life there. & Nbsp;

What discoveries are scientists waiting for?

AiF.ru asked experts what discoveries they expect from the new space telescope.

Academician Lev Zelyoniy, scientific director of the Institute for Space Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences :

& mdash; Launch of JWST & mdash; it is not just a long awaited event for science, it is a milestone, the next step in knowing the Universe. Hubble has worked for over 30 years and has dramatically changed the image of the world not only of scientists, but of earthlings in general. I think James Webb will do no less.

The infrared range in which the telescope operates will allow you to look past the clouds of dust that obscure the most 'intimate' ones. places in the Universe: there is the formation of stars and their planetary systems. I am very interested in the results on exoplanets that the JWST will receive: it has serious observational advantages for this.

I wish our colleagues the success they have long deserved. The difficulty does not lie in the launch of the telescope itself (there is no drama in its transfers), but in the fact that now more than 300 critical operations will follow to open the antennas and prepare all the equipment. complex at work. Failure of just one of them will cause the entire project to fail. & Nbsp;

Scientific Director of the Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Boris Shustov :

& mdash; JWST project & mdash; very interesting, very ambitious and a record for astronomy. As for my scientific interests, I hope the new telescope will allow me to see the mysterious giant First stars (astronomers call them Population III stars). In fact, the telescope will not record the stars themselves, but the events of their incredibly powerful, but very distant explosions. & Nbsp;

Principal researcher at State Astronomical Institute named after PKSternberg Moscow State University, candidate in physical and mathematical sciences Vladimir Surdin :

& mdash; Hopefully JWST finds something that not many people pay attention to. Namely, the planets flying outside their stars. There must be such a race of planets that have long since left their systems and are wandering the galaxy on their own. They are called rogue planets or rogue planets. It's sort of an insignificant little part of the galaxy, but very interesting, because we don't know anything about them at all. They are not visible in ordinary telescopes because they are not illuminated by the light of the mother star, they are dark. But at the same time, they shine with their heat in the infrared range. And that's exactly the 'Webb' will work in this range and will probably discover many such planets. Then it will become clear how many of them are in the galaxy as a percentage of the planets that stayed with their stars. & Nbsp;

Through these observations, we will, as a first step, be able to understand how our own planetary system formed … After all, we, for example, still don't know where the moon came from. There is a version that a celestial body struck the Earth, and therefore there was a satellite. If we see that there are a lot of rogue planets in the galaxy, this version will be confirmed.

Second, on these planets, oddly enough, life is also possible. Yes, it's dark in there. But in the end it's dark underground and deep in the ocean too, but it has a life of its own.

Head of the Astronomical Education Sector of the Moscow Planetarium Alexander Perkhnyak :

& mdash; James Webb telescope a hundred times more powerful, and its instruments 7 times more sensitive than that of the Hubble. But his tasks are slightly different. I would like to believe that his abilities will really allow us to see the young Universe, its first stars and galaxies.

Thanks to this telescope, the study of planets in other stars will reach a new level. We will not only be able to discover new exoplanets, but also to explore their atmospheres. Its accessibility is also encouraging: scientists can submit nominations and use the James Webb telescope; in a variety of research areas for the benefit of science.

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The “Generalissimo Suvorov” missile carrier was taken out of the boathouse to be launched

The second serial missile carrier of the Borey-A Project Generalissimo Suvorov removed from the boathouse in Sevmash, reports RIA Novosti.

The ceremony was attended by representatives of the Navy Command, authorities and industry.

Commander-in-Chief of the Navy Nikolai Evmenov stressed that the ships of the project “ Borey-A & # 39; & # 39; proved their reliability, guarding the borders of the country.

The launch of the withdrawal from the ship was given by the general manager of the enterprise Mikhail Budnichenko. The submarine began to exit the boathouse at a speed of 3 m/min.

The Russian navy now has four strategic nuclear missile carriers of the Borei type. These are missile cruisers Yuri Dolgoruky, Alexander Nevsky and 'Vladimir Monomakh', as well as a nuclear-powered vessel from the modernized project 'Borey-A' & mdash; “ Prince Vladimir. & # 39; & # 39;

Recall that on December 21, Russian President Vladimir Putin participated in the acceptance ceremony of two cruisers in the Russian Navy. We're talking about the 'Prince Oleg' nuclear-powered guided missile cruisers. and 'Novosibirsk'.

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Experts said which birds winter in Moscow

Muscovites were told what birds were staying for the winter in the city, reports Moscow 24.

At different times, around 250 species of birds can be seen in the capital. More than half of them fly to warmer regions when the cold sets in. There are around 90 species of birds left for the winter, including the great tit, field and house sparrows, siskins, jays, magpies, rock pigeons, woodpeckers and others. In winter, they prefer to congregate in groups.

Some species of waterfowl, such as mallards, are found not to take flight. They live in bodies of water that do not freeze.

Most often birds do not need to feed, remind experts from Mospriroda. Gaining food unnecessarily can weaken instincts and make birds dependent on humans. This is cumbersome due to the fact that animals can completely refuse natural food. Feeding birds should only be started in severe frosts.

Previously, AiF.ru compiled detailed instructions on the best products for feeding certain birds and how best to do so.

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Roskomnadzor has restricted access to the OVD-Info site *

Roskomnadzor blocked the OVD-Info website, which is recognized as a foreign agent in the Russian Federation. This is stated on the website of the Department of & nbsp ;.

The decision to block was taken on the basis of the decision of the Lukhovitsky court of the Moscow region. & Nbsp; It follows from the court ruling that information aimed at justifying the activities of extremist and terrorist associations is recognized as prohibited. & Nbsp;

Roskomnadzor, as TASS adds, noted that social network administrations are also required to delete project media accounts.

Recall that in September this year, the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation added this media project to the list of foreign agents.

Earlier, the Federation Council announced the possibility of clarifying and supplementing the law on foreign agents. According to the senators, the work of clarifying the current legislation will continue with the participation of representatives of the professional communities.

* Mass media acting as a foreign agent in Russia.

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Investigation found ex-IVS employees failed to assist fugitives in Istra

Plot Escape of five IVS defendants in Moscow region

There was no evidence that the former employees of the Istra IVS were complicit in the escape of the prisoners. About this in an interview with the TV channel & nbsp; “ Russia-24 '' said the head of the Main Investigations Directorate of the Investigation Commission for the Moscow Region, Alexander Starikov.

According to him, the investigation of the ex-employees of the temporary detention center is in fact completed.

“ We have come to the conclusion that willful complicity, which would have been criminal complicity, no '', & ndash; did he declare.

At the same time, the investigation gathered sufficient evidence of the defendants' neglect of their duties. Starikov noted that steps were taken in the IVS to prevent such incidents.

As a reminder, five prisoners escaped from the IVS in Istra on August 6. To date, everyone has been detained. & Nbsp;

In addition, charges of abuse of official powers have been brought against the acting head of the IVS, the duty officer of the IVS regime and his assistant.

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Up to seven degrees below zero are expected in Moscow on Saturday

Cloudy weather and snow are forecast in the Russian capital on Saturday, December 25, according to the official website of the Hydrometeorological Center of the Russian Federation.

message.

During the day, the air temperature in the city will be five to seven degrees below zero. The wind is blowing from the west at a speed of 6 to 11 meters per second. Atmospheric pressure & ndash; 729 millimeters of mercury.

Cloudy, snow and ice are expected in the capital on Sunday evening. Columns of thermometers & nbsp; can go down to & nbsp; brand & nbsp; minus 13 degrees.

Wind from the southwest at a speed of six to 11 meters per second. Atmospheric pressure will be 736 millimeters of mercury.

Recall that Wednesday, December 22, became the coldest day in Moscow in the history of weather observations at VDNKh, which have been carried out since 1948. The columns of the thermometer remained all day below minus 20 degrees.

On the eve, against the backdrop of unusually cold weather, the Hydrometeorological Center extended the orange level of meteorological danger in the Russian capital & nbsp; and the Moscow region. & Nbsp;

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Catholic Christmas around the world

On December 25, the Roman Catholic Church celebrates one of the most important holidays of the year & mdash; Nativity. Along with Catholics, the holiday is celebrated by Protestants living according to the Gregorian calendar, as well as 11 of the 15 Local Orthodox Churches around the world that adhere to the New Julian Calendar, which coincides with the Gregorian calendar.

festive masses. For the most part, Christmas & mdash; family vacations, which usually take place in the circle of relatives. More details & mdash; in the photo feed AiF.ru.

The head of the Roman Catholic Church, Pope Francis, during mass at St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican © Reuters

During the Christmas service in the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Lord in Novosibirsk © RIA Novosti/Alexander Kryazhev

During the Christmas service at St. Anthony of Padua Church in Istanbul, Turkey © Reuters

During Christmas service at the Chaldean Catholic Church in Baghdad, Iraq © Reuters

The rector of the Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Father Dmitry (center) during the Christmas service (Moscow) © RIA Novosti/Ramil Sitdikov

While serving Christmas near Al Hamdaniyah Church, Iraq © Reuters

During Christmas service at St. Andrew's Church in Karachi, Pakistan © Reuters

During the Christmas service at a church in Semarang, Indonesia © Reuters

During the Christmas service near Manila Cathedral in the Philippines © Reuters

During the Christmas service at Saint Joseph's Cathedral in Beijing, China © Reuters

During the Christmas service at Jakarta Cathedral, Indonesia © Reuters

The head of the Roman Catholic Church, Pope Francis, during mass at St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican © Reuters

Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Moscow © RIA Novosti/Ramil Sitdikov

The head of the Roman Catholic Church, Pope Francis, during mass at St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican © Reuters

During the Christmas service in the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Lord in Novosibirsk © RIA Novosti/Alexander Kryazhev < p>

During the Christmas service at St. Anthony of Padua Church in Istanbul (Turkey) © Reuters

During Christmas service at the Chaldean Catholic Church in Baghdad, Iraq © Reuters

The rector of the Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Father Dmitry (center) during the Christmas service (Moscow) © RIA Novosti/Ramil Sitdikov

During a Christmas service near from a church in Al-Hamdaniyah, Iraq © Reuters

During Christmas service at St. Andrew's Church in Karachi, Pakistan © Reuters

During the Christmas service at a church in Semarang, Indonesia © Reuters

During the Christmas service near Manila Cathedral in the Philippines © Reuters

During the Christmas service at Saint Joseph's Cathedral in Beijing, China © Reuters

During the Christmas service at Jakarta Cathedral, Indonesia © Reuters

The leader of the & # 39; Roman Catholic Church, Pope Francis, during mass at St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican © Reuters

Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Moscow © RIA Novosti/Ramil Sitdikov

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The last day of the USSR. How the great country was closed

Tracing the history of the world with Andrey Sidorchik

December 1991 was a very strange month. The usual expectation of the most popular vacation in & nbsp; Soviet Union was combined with a & nbsp; feeling of confusion and & nbsp; afraid of what was going on. Even though people really couldn't understand what was going on.

A king without an army

During the & nbsp; referendum of & nbsp; March 1991, the overwhelming majority of citizens voted in favor of the & nbsp; preservation of the Soviet Union. However, subsequent work on a new Union Treaty led to & nbsp; an unexpected result: countries within & nbsp; the old borders, in & nbsp; in accordance with & nbsp ;, would no longer be & nbsp; & nbsp; would like. Yes & nbsp; and & nbsp; powers have been distributed in such a way that it is fair not to talk about & nbsp; of & nbsp; federation, but of & nbsp; of & nbsp; & nbsp; confederation.

Confrontation of the ambitions of Mikhail Gorbachev and & nbsp; leaders of the federated republics (in & nbsp; first of all & mdash; Boris Yeltsin ) aggravated the crisis. At the same time, people were cheated, and didn't do what they voted for.

The desperate rebellion of dissidents within the Soviet leadership, known as GKChP, was initially doomed to failure. Allied ministers spoke harshly, withdrew the troops, but did not dare to give the order to quell the resistance by any means available. And & nbsp; was the beginning of the end.

Returning from his self-imprisonment in Foros, Gorbachev has become a “king without an army”. The head of the USSR interior ministry committed suicide, the defense minister and the president of the KGB were thrown in jail. The newly appointed were no longer guided by & nbsp; & nbsp; the President of the USSR, but & nbsp; & nbsp; the head of the RSFSR who had real power.

Those who wanted to end the Soviet Union saw Gorbachev with an annoying obstacle getting under their feet. Supporters of a unified state did not see Gorbachev as anything other than a traitor.

“ It seemed the fate of the USSR was just my problem ''

And & nbsp; after all, the Belovezhskaya Accords of December 8, 1991 came as a shock to the majority. Even Mikhail Sergeevich himself did not believe in & nbsp; their & nbsp; reality. The & nbsp; the next day at & nbsp; Kremlin, it & nbsp; tried to get answers to & nbsp; questions from & nbsp; Yeltsin, but & nbsp; after a skirmish, by designating & nbsp; a place in & nbsp; Gorbachev's office, he said: & nbsp; i will sit down & nbsp; this chair./p>

The general public learned of this disgusting scene years later. And & nbsp; so everything that happened to people remained a mystery.

During the celebration of his 85th birthday, Mikhail Sergeevich described the days following the signing of the Belovezhskaya agreements: a reaction from & nbsp; intelligentsia, & nbsp; People. Of course, the country was in shock. But & nbsp; person & nbsp; n & # 39; got off & nbsp; in the streets. It seemed the fate of the USSR was just my problem. The decree on & nbsp; my resignation was not it was. I made this decision on my own. ” Yes & nbsp; and & nbsp; does not have Gorbachev turned to & nbsp; these days at & nbsp; people with & nbsp; a request for assistance.

Oath without mentioning the Soviet Union

& Nbsp; those who continued to feel like Soviet citizens had no possibility of operational self-organization. Yes & nbsp; and & nbsp; there was simply no leader who could & nbsp; to be believed.

Yes & nbsp; and & nbsp; Gorbachev himself did not in practice & nbsp; resist everything. For example, December 17th & nbsp; he approved a new text of the military oath, in which the Soviet Union was no longer & nbsp; mentioned at all.

December 21 & nbsp; December 1991, during the & nbsp; meeting of the presidents in & nbsp; Alma-Ata, eight other republics joined the Commonwealth of Independent States created by the RSFSR: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. The Alma-Ata Declaration and the Belovezhskaya Protocol to the Agreement on the Establishment of the CIS have been signed. Mikhail Sergeevich has been informed of & nbsp; that the post of President of the USSR was abolished.

It was already the end, definitive and & nbsp; irrevocable. But despite everything, I wanted to believe in the impossible. And, when the address of the President of the USSR to the people was announced, many were still hoping for something.

'We will be happy to receive you once everything has calmed down'

The spirit, the honor and & nbsp; of Gorbachev no longer believed in & nbsp; But & nbsp; all of a sudden, if & nbsp; the fear of losing power would make him remember the & nbsp; oath to the people, of the covenants given to them, & nbsp; of the referendum even on & nbsp; the preservation of the USSR, which was his initiative …

But & nbsp; Mikhail Sergeyevich n & nbsp; n & nbsp; was going to deliver the last and & nbsp; decisive battle. He was getting ready to deliver files to & nbsp; exchange for & nbsp; guarantees of personal well-being.

December 25 in the morning & nbsp; a meeting of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR was held, which approved the law of the RSFSR n ° & nbsp; 2094 – I & laquo; On & nbsp; State name change Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic & # 39; & # 39 ;. The Russian Federation has appeared.

Gorbachev, before addressing the people, called on the US president George W. Bush announcing that he will announce & nbsp; his resignation. He also & nbsp; evoked & nbsp; the next transfer of the 'nuclear suitcase' Yeltsin.

“ You & nbsp; will be a welcome guest, we & nbsp; will be happy to receive you once everything is settled & # 39; & # 39 ;, & nbsp; & mdash; American leader Mikhail Sergeevich promised.

“The threat of world war has been averted”: what Gorbachev said in his & nbsp; last speech

Before appearing before his fellow citizens in the rank of leader, Gorbachev signed a decree “ on the resignation by the President of the USSR from the powers of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the USSR and & nbsp; the abolition of the Defense Council under the President of the USSR. & # 39; & # 39;

“ Dear compatriots! Fellow citizens! Due to the current situation with the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, I cease my activity as President of the USSR. I am making this decision for & nbsp; policy considerations & raquo ;, & nbsp; & mdash; Gorbachev began his speech.

In this speech almost nothing was said about & nbsp; errors, there were no & nbsp; there was & nbsp; a shadow of remorse. Mikhail Sergeevich preferred to talk about & nbsp; Achievements: “ Society has been granted freedom, has become politically liberated and & nbsp; spiritually. And & nbsp; this is the most important conquest, which we & nbsp; to & nbsp; have not yet carried out, because we have not yet & nbsp; learned to use freedom … & raquo;

Three decades later, some of the provisions of Gorbachev's last speech sound like a form of mockery. For example, on the economy: “ When turning the economy towards the market, it is important to remember: this is done for the good of man. In & nbsp; this difficult period, everything must be done for its social protection, especially for the elderly and & nbsp; children.

Already at the very beginning of 1992, marketers were going to throw millions of people into the maelstrom of 'shock therapy', letting everyone out to the extent of his strength. The elderly will search the & nbsp; garbage cans in & nbsp; in search of food, and & nbsp; talk about & nbsp; welfare will only elicit a bitter smile.

And & nbsp; here is what Gorbachev said about & nbsp; international relations: “ The cold war is over, the arms race has been stopped and & nbsp; the senseless militarization of the country, which has disfigured our economy, public conscience and & nbsp; the moral. The threat of a world war has been averted … We have opened up to the world, refused to interfere in the affairs of others and the use of troops for the sake of it. outside the country. And & nbsp; we were answered with confidence, solidarity and & nbsp; respect & raquo;.

Respect transformed into a rapid advance of NATO towards the east, including in & nbsp; its composition not only the former countries of the socialist bloc, but & nbsp; and & nbsp; the former Soviet republics. The new cold war against our country is being waged in & nbsp; conditions for us much worse than & nbsp; those in which Gorbachev took the country in & nbsp; 1985.

“ I am convinced that sooner or later our common efforts will bear fruit, our people will live in a prosperous and democratic society. I wish you all the best, & nbsp; & mdash; Mikhail Sergeevich said at the end of the speech.

Flag change

To & nbsp; 19 & nbsp; 35 & nbsp; minutes 25 & nbsp; December 25, 1991, the flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was lowered from the mast above the dome of the Kremlin. The banner, which once became a symbol of victory over fascism, the conquest of outer space by mankind, came down shamefully, almost like a thief, just as a great country was destroyed .

Ten minutes later, the triumphant Yeltsin was informed that the Russian tricolor had been raised above the Kremlin.

Gorbachev, having handed over his things, went to a & nbsp; dine in a narrow circle of entourage. He had a well-nourished and comfortable life ahead of him, honor and respect on the side of Americans and Europeans. The & nbsp; abandoned by him & nbsp; citizens of a country that was no longer was & mdash; pain, fear and fight for & nbsp; survival.

To discuss & nbsp; if it was possible to save the USSR, historians will be for a long time. But the & nbsp; first and & nbsp; last president of the Soviet Union did not touch the finger on the & nbsp; finger to save the state.

A few years later, Mikhail Sergeevich will appear in a & nbsp; advertisement for a pizza. In the West, this will be seen as a good advertising ploy. And & nbsp; on the & nbsp; territory of the former USSR they will find with bitterness that Gorbachev has finally found a job according to his abilities.

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“I won't wish that on the enemy either.” Sibiryachka lived for 13 years in the well of the main heating pipe

An inhabitant of Novosibirsk spent 13 & nbsp; years old in the well of a heating pipe, left homeless due to the cruelty of a parent. A year ago, she went blind & nbsp; and, in fact, she was just waiting for death underground. But & nbsp; she & nbsp; came & nbsp; helping the activists of the charity “ Mayak ''.

Everything's lost

“ What I have been through, I will not even wish it on the worst enemy. I lost a loved one, my home, and even my sight. I am Shnyrikova Galina , I am homeless. Lived 13 & nbsp; years in & nbsp; well & raquo ;, & nbsp; & mdash; So begins a new music video from Novosibirsk video blogger Dmitry Kabanov. He was one of the first to speak to the general public about the plight of a 75-year-old woman who was recently rescued by activists from the Mayak charity. For & nbsp; survive in a Siberian city with no roof over her head, she was & nbsp; doomed by the cruelty of a distant relative.

& nbsp; I & nbsp; lived without registration with & nbsp; a man of 18 & nbsp; years here, not far from & nbsp; city, & nbsp; & mdash; tells Galina Shnyrikova. & mdash; & nbsp; But & nbsp; he & nbsp; got very sick and & nbsp; died in & nbsp; 2008 & nbsp; year. His own nephew, the son of his older brother, has just kicked me out. It & nbsp; took all the documents for the & nbsp; house, for & nbsp; everything, although we bought this house together. This is how I stayed on the street. There was nowhere to go. & # 39; & # 39;

Video by video blogger Dmitry Kabanov devoted to the story of Galina Shnyrikova.

To & nbsp; Novosibirsk, there was no one who could & nbsp; shelter Galina. Yes, the & nbsp; woman and & nbsp; were ashamed to admit to & nbsp; that she had been & nbsp; jetty out of the & nbsp; House. At first she spent the night in the & nbsp; rue, cried and & nbsp; didn't know what to do next. With & nbsp; hunger is not dead that thanks to the help of poor people like her. For & nbsp; for example, at the train station, he was taught to pick up leftover food that is thrown away by train passengers. And & nbsp; As the circle of communication grew, Galina understood the 'science' ' more and more deeply. survival in the & nbsp; Street.

Conditions in which Galina lived for 13 years. Excerpt from the video

Warm “ crypt & # 39; & # 39;

At the time, the woman was working at the local cogeneration plant, where she was in charge of thermal insulation. In the heater pipe hatch, where she once worked, Galina and & nbsp; have found its shelter during & nbsp; up to 13 & nbsp; years and a half. Everything there is swarming with rats, but it is very hot near the pipes, on which you can even cook food. Little by little this place turned into a 'hostel'. winter camp for the local homeless, which a nice lady let in with no questions asked.

“ Different people at & nbsp; i had, & nbsp; & mdash; Galina Shnyrikova continues her story in the video. & mdash; & nbsp; I accepted & nbsp; everyone, because it's a shame she is like that. It happened that in the morning you got up & nbsp; & mdash; death lies. It was with me. I got up & nbsp; & mdash; is nearby. I started waking the guys up, I told them & nbsp; : & bdquo; Sanya doesn't move. & bdquo; Yes & nbsp; no, he & nbsp; still alive, warm & ldquo ;, & nbsp; & mdash; responnse. And & nbsp; how he & nbsp; will not be & nbsp; when the pipes are hot … Of course it & nbsp; will be hot, not & nbsp; cold & raquo;.

The woman got food from the 'feeders', as the homeless call the dumpsters. Every day on her own or with & nbsp; was coming out of & nbsp; his well bypassing the trash cans. In addition to the remains, they collected cans and & nbsp; metal from & nbsp; material broken for delivery. Galina also begged for alms at various places in the city, although she especially disliked this occupation. In & nbsp; most of the time she didn't beg, but & nbsp; just stood quietly with & nbsp; a cup of change in & nbsp; hand.

Galina is getting her things ready for the move. Photo from the video

Lighthouse for Galina

The worst for her on the street was the punks who know no pity for the homeless. “Young” can easily attack and & nbsp; even kill. According to the & nbsp; woman, during the & nbsp; past years, it was not & nbsp; it was. Because of & nbsp; emotional experiences and & nbsp; unbearable living conditions, Galina gradually lost her sight, and & nbsp; a year ago she was completely blind. Said that since & nbsp; it got very scary. Since & nbsp; September, she doesn't even have climbed the & nbsp; street and & nbsp; only lived thanks to other homeless people bringing him food.

A very sad end awaited Galina Shnyrikova, si & nbsp; did not accidentally discover the existence of & nbsp; in & nbsp; Mayak Charity. Recently, its & nbsp; volunteers installed a woman in a & nbsp; hostel, and now she has everything she needs. They promise to start restoring the woman's documents & nbsp; and, if possible, to organize its & nbsp; pension and & nbsp; to organize a pension. And & nbsp; Galina is once again convinced that the world is not & nbsp; without nice people.

Galina at the hostel. A still image from the video

& # 39; People I & # 39; ve & nbsp; 13 & nbsp; homeless and & nbsp; i saw it all, & nbsp; & mdash; the woman addresses the & nbsp; viewers at the end & nbsp; of the video. & mdash; & nbsp; Be kind to each & nbsp; friend, we all walk under God. Teach your children to treat people. We are & nbsp; the same people as & nbsp; you. Please I ask you help each other help each other. Thanks to those people who brought me here. Good health to you. God save you! & # 39; & # 39;

Источник aif.ru